Kuuma vapor fire 100 price - Jul 7, 2017 · July 7, 2017. Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100 Review – 2.16.17. What it’s heating: We have a 2″x6″ framed log cabin style home w/ loft and 28′ ceilings, walkout basement and a 12/12 pitch roof. The house footprint is 32’x42′. See attached photos of the house.

 
Mar 12, 2023 · Mar 12, 2023. #7. Locally Pine, Spruce or Poplar is going for $300-$350CAD/cord. Birch is $450-$500CAD/cord. Mostly sold for backyard firepits/campfires or for wealthy people to have a fire in their fireplace on special occasions. Wood isn't cost effective at those prices for heating here. . Cute mother

“KUUMA” principle – the logs burn from front to the back. Primary air ignites only the amount of wood that will combust with the available oxygen within the fire chamber. Electronic control precise-ly regulates the amount of preheated air admitted into fire chamber. Because the gases and volatile Jul 20, 2021 · Hank W’s Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100 Wood Furnace. August 19, 2021 July 20, 2021. Hank and his wife stopped by to pick up his #Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100. Mar 8, 2022 · Well it’s March so I thought I’d give a review on my new kuuma vapor fire 100. I bought my house in the summer of 2019, cape cod 2000sf living space, built in 92 with average insulation R-13 in the walls and R-30 in the attic., Lp furnace was my heat source. After the first winter and over a grand in LP and always being cold with the thermo ... Nov 24, 2011 · But have been investigating them both for a future purchase. While the Kuuma only emits 30-40,000 of BTU output, Daryl Lamppa's brochure for the Model 100 Kuuma indicates it will heat a 3500 square foot home. The Kuuma model 100 weighs 695 pounds, whereas the AN Caddy weighs 560 pounds. Jun 8, 2022 · Payback of a new Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100 Gasification Wood Furnace timeframe could be less than one burning season for many owners. For example, a new Kuuma Vapor-Fire furnace sells for a $7,895 fob factory. Then you will qualify for a 26% federal tax credit. This is $2,052. So your current net furnace cost will be … Read more Mar 2, 2022 · 71. Maryland. Mar 1, 2022. #1. Well it’s March so I thought I’d give a review on my new kuuma vapor fire 100. I bought my house in the summer of 2019, cape cod 2000sf living space, built in 92 with average insulation R-13 in the walls and R-30 in the attic., Lp furnace was my heat source. After the first winter and over a grand in LP and ... Jan 11, 2021 · Kuuma Vapor Fire 100 / H.E. Propane furnace / Quadra-Fire Sapphire. sloeffle Minister of Fire. Mar 1, 2012 1,177 Central Ohio. Jan 12, 2021 #4 Nice looking install ... “KUUMA” principle – the logs burn from front to the back. Primary air ignites only the amount of wood that will combust with the available oxygen within the fire chamber. Electronic control precise-ly regulates the amount of preheated air admitted into fire chamber. Because the gases and volatile Jul 7, 2017 · July 7, 2017. Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100 Review – 2.16.17. What it’s heating: We have a 2″x6″ framed log cabin style home w/ loft and 28′ ceilings, walkout basement and a 12/12 pitch roof. The house footprint is 32’x42′. See attached photos of the house. Aug 5, 2022 · It is not recommended because an oil, propane, or gas furnace uses a blower that generates between 1,000 and 2,500 CFM. Most of the time, the Kuuma Vapor-Fire will operate at low speed with only 600 CFM to deliver continuous yet gentle heat throughout the house. A high-volume blower is…. Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100 Review – 2.16.17 First Name: Paul Last Name: Junion Product Purchased: Vapor Fire 100 Home Location: Lake Delton, WI Email / contact info: [email protected] What it's... Jan 11, 2021 · Hank S Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100. Purchased 3/25/2014 to heat my house of 3000 sq ft. No more chimney fires, on the roof cleaning chimney, burns less wood extremely safe. It is a win-win. Oct 26, 2021 · I am about ready to pull the trigger on a Vapor Fire 100, but have a question. ... Forestry Saw, CountyLine 40 ton, Kuuma Vapor Fire 100. sloeffle Minister of Fire ... The Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100 combustion chamber is only 23 in. long by 15 1/2 in. wide by 20 in high. The fire door is 12 in. by 12 in. and takes a maximum wood length of 22 in. Even with that limited size, Lamppa says that when set on medium burn, a single hardwood fill will last for 10 to 12 hours. Hardwood coals will last another 6 to 12 hours. Apr 6, 2014 · Where the vapor fire on the other hand, without the optional water coil to add storage, is a furnace with no way to store any btus for later.Unlike with a boiler system though, I already had all the duct work needed installed for my lp gas furnace, and I installed my Vapor fire 100 in an afternoon mostly by myself and a chimney guy. Oct 21, 2016 · Oct 21, 2016. #1. We have received confirmation that these are the final emission results for the testing of our Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100-. Cat 1 – 0.147 lb/MMBtu. Cat 2 – 0.089 lb/MMBtu. Cat 3 – 0.093 lb/MMbtu. Jul 20, 2021 · Hank W’s Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100 Wood Furnace. August 19, 2021 July 20, 2021. Hank and his wife stopped by to pick up his #Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100. BOX 422 • TOWER, MN 55790 • USA • Tel (218) 753-2330 • www.lamppakuuma.com 3 INTRODUCTION Your Vapor-Fire Model 100 by Lamppa Manufactur- Kuuma vapor fire 100. Discussion in 'Modern EPA Stoves and Fireplaces' started by Sluggo, Feb 15, 2021. Page 1 of 2 1 2 Next > Sluggo. Joined: Dec 4, 2019 Messages: 47 It makes more sense to say that most homes in the coldest of weather only use the 30-40,000 BTU’s/hr and probably use 7-10 cords of wood/season to heat their homes. With our Kuuma Vapor-Fire furnaces that are 85% overall efficient and 99% combustion efficient most people use only 3-5 cords of wood to heat their home/season and that’s what ... Apr 4, 2021 · 346XP (not stock), 390XP (not stock), 555RXT Brushcutter/Forestry Saw, CountyLine 40 ton, Kuuma Vapor Fire 100. M. Micdrew Member. Jan 15, 2021 71 Maryland. Apr 5, 2021 Jan 22, 2020 · The even/consistent heat output of the Kuuma throughout the burn coupled with the speed controlled blower really helps with maintaining consistent plenum temps throughout the burn. Toggle signature 346XP (not stock), 390XP (not stock), 555RXT Brushcutter/Forestry Saw, CountyLine 40 ton, Kuuma Vapor Fire 100 Jun 28, 2023 · 7 Year Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100 Owner January 27, 2023 Love this furnace, I loaded the furnace about 3/4 full last night at 11:00 temps in the mid 20’s ( Stacking the pieces as tight as I could) and as of this posting the house is still 69 with outside temps at 36. Oct 20, 2022 · If you're looking for an indoor wood furnace, look into the Kuuma Vapor Fire 100. ... (even the eye to measure, knowledge to know, local prices, species, water ... Jun 9, 2022 · Ordering Process. We provide an estimate and require a $500 (sauna stove) and $1,000 (furnace) deposit (non-refundable) to get on our list, with the balance payable upon shipment or pick-up. Lead times do fluctuate, but they have typically been about a month. We accept credit cards, cash, checks, wire transfers, and mobile payments. Jun 28, 2023 · 7 Year Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100 Owner January 27, 2023 Love this furnace, I loaded the furnace about 3/4 full last night at 11:00 temps in the mid 20’s ( Stacking the pieces as tight as I could) and as of this posting the house is still 69 with outside temps at 36. I built a cabin in the Colorado mountains this summer and installed a Kuuma Vapor Fire 200 (the smaller one) in the walk out basement. I purchased it used from Brenndatomu here on FHC. I had round metal ductwork installed to distribute heat to both up and down stairs, a total of 1540 sq. ft. of living space. Mar 2, 2022 · 71. Maryland. Mar 1, 2022. #1. Well it’s March so I thought I’d give a review on my new kuuma vapor fire 100. I bought my house in the summer of 2019, cape cod 2000sf living space, built in 92 with average insulation R-13 in the walls and R-30 in the attic., Lp furnace was my heat source. After the first winter and over a grand in LP and ... Jun 8, 2022 · Payback of a new Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100 Gasification Wood Furnace timeframe could be less than one burning season for many owners. For example, a new Kuuma Vapor-Fire furnace sells for a $7,895 fob factory. Then you will qualify for a 26% federal tax credit. This is $2,052. So your current net furnace cost will be … Read more Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100 Review – 2.16.17 First Name: Paul Last Name: Junion Product Purchased: Vapor Fire 100 Home Location: Lake Delton, WI Email / contact info: [email protected] What it's... Apr 4, 2021 · 346XP (not stock), 390XP (not stock), 555RXT Brushcutter/Forestry Saw, CountyLine 40 ton, Kuuma Vapor Fire 100. M. Micdrew Member. Jan 15, 2021 71 Maryland. Apr 5, 2021 BOX 422 • TOWER, MN 55790 • USA • Tel (218) 753-2330 • www.lamppakuuma.com 3 INTRODUCTION Your Vapor-Fire Model 100 by Lamppa Manufactur- Vapor Fire 100 Wood Burning Gasification Furnace; About; Blog; Pricing; Videos; Contact #1-833-660-1064; Join Our Community. The Kuuma customer family comes first at ... Jun 7, 2021 · Eric W Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100. October 19, 2021 June 7, 2021. ... Vapor Fire 100 Wood Burning Gasification Furnace; Win A Sauna Stove; Kuuma Specials; Brand Kit; Test ... Apr 6, 2014 · Where the vapor fire on the other hand, without the optional water coil to add storage, is a furnace with no way to store any btus for later.Unlike with a boiler system though, I already had all the duct work needed installed for my lp gas furnace, and I installed my Vapor fire 100 in an afternoon mostly by myself and a chimney guy. Nov 15, 2019 · So far the Kuuma is 8-12 hour loads (of pine) on cold fall days (0-30f). It's too early to have any idea of wood consumption, but the Clayton was often running with a 600 degree stack, and usually smoking. The Kuuma has a 100 or so degree stack that I can put my hand on, and doesn't smoke. Mar 12, 2023 · Mar 12, 2023. #7. Locally Pine, Spruce or Poplar is going for $300-$350CAD/cord. Birch is $450-$500CAD/cord. Mostly sold for backyard firepits/campfires or for wealthy people to have a fire in their fireplace on special occasions. Wood isn't cost effective at those prices for heating here. Jan 31, 2014 · Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100 and 200. jebatty. Jan 31, 2014. Active since 1995, Hearth.com is THE place on the internet for free information and advice about wood stoves, pellet stoves and other energy saving equipment. We strive to provide opinions, articles, discussions and history related to Hearth Products and in a more general sense, energy issues ... Jan 18, 2020 · Kuuma Vapor Fire 100 / H.E. Propane furnace / Quadra-Fire Sapphire. brenndatomu Minister of Fire. Aug 21, 2013 8,073 NE Ohio. Jan 19, 2020 #21 bropp said: Vapor Fire 100 Wood Burning Gasification Furnace; About; Blog; Pricing; Videos; Contact #1-833-660-1064; Join Our Community. The Kuuma customer family comes first at ... Apr 17, 2017 · I started burning in the VF100 and was blown away. The furnace burns the wood so completely and heats my 2,500 sq. ft. house without issue. My old Clayton was no match. However, I began noticing some condensation coming out of my chimney cleanout. Aug 22, 2018 · Overview of how to correctly install the Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100 chimney pipe. Jan 18, 2020 · Kuuma Vapor Fire 100 / H.E. Propane furnace / Quadra-Fire Sapphire. brenndatomu Minister of Fire. Aug 21, 2013 8,073 NE Ohio. Jan 19, 2020 #21 bropp said: Mar 17, 2014 · 346XP (not stock), 390XP (not stock), 555RXT Brushcutter/Forestry Saw, CountyLine 40 ton, Kuuma Vapor Fire 100. JustWood Minister of Fire. Aug 14, 2007 3,595 Nov 24, 2011 · But have been investigating them both for a future purchase. While the Kuuma only emits 30-40,000 of BTU output, Daryl Lamppa's brochure for the Model 100 Kuuma indicates it will heat a 3500 square foot home. The Kuuma model 100 weighs 695 pounds, whereas the AN Caddy weighs 560 pounds. Jan 4, 2023 · New Kuuma Vaporfire 100, love it. January 4, 2023. ... Vapor Fire 100 Wood Burning Gasification Furnace; Win A Sauna Stove; Kuuma Specials; Brand Kit; Test Icons ... BOX 422 • TOWER, MN 55790 • USA • Tel (218) 753-2330 • www.lamppakuuma.com 3 INTRODUCTION Your Vapor-Fire Model 100 by Lamppa Manufactur- Feb 26, 2014 · I doubt many if any people own or have used both furnaces, especially with the same variables. However, the Kuuma Vapor-Fire is the cleanest burning indoor wood furnace on the market. With nearly 100% combustion efficiency it is nearly impossible to extract any more heat out of a piece of wood. Jan 11, 2021 · When the EPA issued the second phase of stricter regulations for wood-burning furnaces last year, Lamppa’s furnace was the first to be certified. The Kuuma Vapor-Fire furnace is actually 40% cleaner than the EPA standard, averaging .093 pounds of particulate matter per one million BTUs. Jan 18, 2020 · Kuuma Vapor Fire 100 / H.E. Propane furnace / Quadra-Fire Sapphire. brenndatomu Minister of Fire. Aug 21, 2013 8,073 NE Ohio. Jan 19, 2020 #21 bropp said: Feb 26, 2014 · I doubt many if any people own or have used both furnaces, especially with the same variables. However, the Kuuma Vapor-Fire is the cleanest burning indoor wood furnace on the market. With nearly 100% combustion efficiency it is nearly impossible to extract any more heat out of a piece of wood. Burn Wood Better! (Efficient and Clean) The World’s #1 Forced-Air Wood Burning Gasification Furnaces. Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100, Phase 2 EPA certified, exceeds 2020 standards by over 40%. Cleanest and most efficient on the market + Tax Credit + “Proudly made in the U.S.A. using American Steel.” The Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100 combustion chamber is only 23 in. long by 15 1/2 in. wide by 20 in high. The fire door is 12 in. by 12 in. and takes a maximum wood length of 22 in. Even with that limited size, Lamppa says that when set on medium burn, a single hardwood fill will last for 10 to 12 hours. Hardwood coals will last another 6 to 12 hours. Oct 28, 2020 · There is only two options right now worth considering. The Kuuma Vaporfire 100 and the Drolet Heat Commander. The Kuuma is the first furnace to meet the new 2020 EPA regulations and also a proven performer and commands a price to match. The Drolet Heat Commander is a revamped version of Drolet's Tundra and Tundra II. Sep 4, 2023 · Pricing Extended Info Videos (3) Add Review Features No smoke up to 95% of the time (virtually eliminating chimney cleaning) No catalytic converter to replace Combustion efficiency (electronic control precisely regulates the burning rate) Brick lined combustion chamber (surrounded with a thick ceramic insulation) Sep 17, 2021 · Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100 Wood Burning Gasification Forced-Air Furnace Installation (Cold Air Return) Apr 10, 2020 · You keep bringing up the Kuuma's price...yes, it is more than the Drolet's, but compared to some of the large CAT stoves you are comparing too...I think it is a pretty good value...a lot more steel (stainless internally)/more firebrick/much larger blower, computer...top notch personal customer service...$5300 (current sale price...I think) for a VF100 is a better deal than $4000 for a large ... Jun 28, 2023 · Kuuma Lamppa furnaces are the cleanest burning gasification furnaces in the world. The Vapor 100 is a wood burning furnace that offers a large firebox, made with quality. It is made in America by a small family owned company, so you can purchase with confidence. This furnace is efficient enough to qualify for the tax credit! Burn Wood Better! (Efficient and Clean) The World’s #1 Forced-Air Wood Burning Gasification Furnaces. Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100, Phase 2 EPA certified, exceeds 2020 standards by over 40%. Cleanest and most efficient on the market + Tax Credit + “Proudly made in the U.S.A. using American Steel.” BOX 422 • TOWER, MN 55790 • USA • Tel (218) 753-2330 • www.lamppakuuma.com 3 INTRODUCTION Your Vapor-Fire Model 100 by Lamppa Manufactur- The EPA Phase 2 certified Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100 is our largest Vapor-Fire wood-burning furnace. The wood length is approximately 20″ and requires seasoned wood that has an 18-28% moisture content. It includes a powerful yet quiet 2-speed blower that delivers 500 to 1500 CFM (cubic feet per minute) on-demand, controlled by your household ... Oct 20, 2022 · If you're looking for an indoor wood furnace, look into the Kuuma Vapor Fire 100. ... (even the eye to measure, knowledge to know, local prices, species, water ... Order Now Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100 Specs The EPA Phase 2 Certified Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100 is our largest Vapor-Fire wood-burning furnace with a blower. The wood length is approximately 20” and requires seasoned wood with 18-28% moisture content. Oct 26, 2021 · I am about ready to pull the trigger on a Vapor Fire 100, but have a question. ... Forestry Saw, CountyLine 40 ton, Kuuma Vapor Fire 100. sloeffle Minister of Fire ... Mar 8, 2022 · Well it’s March so I thought I’d give a review on my new kuuma vapor fire 100. I bought my house in the summer of 2019, cape cod 2000sf living space, built in 92 with average insulation R-13 in the walls and R-30 in the attic., Lp furnace was my heat source. After the first winter and over a grand in LP and always being cold with the thermo ... Oct 21, 2016 · Oct 21, 2016. #1. We have received confirmation that these are the final emission results for the testing of our Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100-. Cat 1 – 0.147 lb/MMBtu. Cat 2 – 0.089 lb/MMBtu. Cat 3 – 0.093 lb/MMbtu. Nov 4, 2022 · Troubleshooting Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100 Wood Gasification Furnace November 28, 2022 October 27, 2022 Smoke coming into the house The furnace will smoke during the first fire-up for about 15 minutes while any residual oils and preservatives on the steel are burned off. “KUUMA” principle – the logs burn from front to the back. Primary air ignites only the amount of wood that will combust with the available oxygen within the fire chamber. Electronic control precise-ly regulates the amount of preheated air admitted into fire chamber. Because the gases and volatile I built a cabin in the Colorado mountains this summer and installed a Kuuma Vapor Fire 200 (the smaller one) in the walk out basement. I purchased it used from Brenndatomu here on FHC. I had round metal ductwork installed to distribute heat to both up and down stairs, a total of 1540 sq. ft. of living space. Aug 22, 2018 · Overview of how to correctly install the Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100 chimney pipe. Jan 11, 2021 · When the EPA issued the second phase of stricter regulations for wood-burning furnaces last year, Lamppa’s furnace was the first to be certified. The Kuuma Vapor-Fire furnace is actually 40% cleaner than the EPA standard, averaging .093 pounds of particulate matter per one million BTUs. Jul 7, 2017 · July 7, 2017. Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100 Review – 2.16.17. What it’s heating: We have a 2″x6″ framed log cabin style home w/ loft and 28′ ceilings, walkout basement and a 12/12 pitch roof. The house footprint is 32’x42′. See attached photos of the house. Jan 11, 2021 · When the EPA issued the second phase of stricter regulations for wood-burning furnaces last year, Lamppa’s furnace was the first to be certified. The Kuuma Vapor-Fire furnace is actually 40% cleaner than the EPA standard, averaging .093 pounds of particulate matter per one million BTUs. Mar 8, 2022 · Well it’s March so I thought I’d give a review on my new kuuma vapor fire 100. I bought my house in the summer of 2019, cape cod 2000sf living space, built in 92 with average insulation R-13 in the walls and R-30 in the attic., Lp furnace was my heat source. After the first winter and over a grand in LP and always being cold with the thermo ... BOX 422 • TOWER, MN 55790 • USA • Tel (218) 753-2330 • www.lamppakuuma.com 3 INTRODUCTION Your Vapor-Fire Model 100 by Lamppa Manufactur- Jul 7, 2017 · July 7, 2017. Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100 Review – 2.16.17. What it’s heating: We have a 2″x6″ framed log cabin style home w/ loft and 28′ ceilings, walkout basement and a 12/12 pitch roof. The house footprint is 32’x42′. See attached photos of the house. Jul 20, 2021 · Hank W’s Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100 Wood Furnace. August 19, 2021 July 20, 2021. Hank and his wife stopped by to pick up his #Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100.

Jun 7, 2021 · Eric W Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100. October 19, 2021 June 7, 2021. ... Vapor Fire 100 Wood Burning Gasification Furnace; Win A Sauna Stove; Kuuma Specials; Brand Kit; Test ... . Thredup women

kuuma vapor fire 100 price

May 26, 2022 · Residential propane $2.98/ gallon. So if you go through 1500 gallons of propane or heating oil in a year to heat your home, the projected cost for these commodities this fall is heating oil 1500 gallons x $5.13 = $7,695 propane 1500 gallons x $2.98 = $4,470 Jun 28, 2023 · Kuuma Lamppa furnaces are the cleanest burning gasification furnaces in the world. The Vapor 100 is a wood burning furnace that offers a large firebox, made with quality. It is made in America by a small family owned company, so you can purchase with confidence. This furnace is efficient enough to qualify for the tax credit! *****Update 1/4/21 – In the most significant news our industry has seen in recent memory, starting in 2021 (now), purchase the Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100 and receive a 26% tax credit on the furnace and installation. This is a savings of nearly $1,600 on the furnace alone. It makes more sense to say that most homes in the coldest of weather only use the 30-40,000 BTU’s/hr and probably use 7-10 cords of wood/season to heat their homes. With our Kuuma Vapor-Fire furnaces that are 85% overall efficient and 99% combustion efficient most people use only 3-5 cords of wood to heat their home/season and that’s what ... Jan 18, 2020 · Kuuma Vapor Fire 100 / H.E. Propane furnace / Quadra-Fire Sapphire. brenndatomu Minister of Fire. Aug 21, 2013 8,073 NE Ohio. Jan 19, 2020 #21 bropp said: BOX 422 • TOWER, MN 55790 • USA • Tel (218) 753-2330 • www.lamppakuuma.com 3 INTRODUCTION Your Vapor-Fire Model 100 by Lamppa Manufactur- Jul 20, 2021 · Hank W’s Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100 Wood Furnace. August 19, 2021 July 20, 2021. Hank and his wife stopped by to pick up his #Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100. Aug 22, 2018 · Overview of how to correctly install the Kuuma Vapor-Fire 100 chimney pipe. Vapor Fire 100 Wood Burning Gasification Furnace; About; Blog; Pricing; Videos; Contact #1-833-660-1064; Join Our Community. The Kuuma customer family comes first at ... Dec 5, 2020 · Dec 5, 2020. #1. Looking for some tips or advice for fine tuning my Kuuma Vapor Fire 100 during the transitional seasons. I installed the wood furnace in January 2018, and it has outperformed my expectations so far and I am extremely happy with its performance. I am still learning how to fine tune things in the transitional seasons. Oct 28, 2020 · There is only two options right now worth considering. The Kuuma Vaporfire 100 and the Drolet Heat Commander. The Kuuma is the first furnace to meet the new 2020 EPA regulations and also a proven performer and commands a price to match. The Drolet Heat Commander is a revamped version of Drolet's Tundra and Tundra II. Apr 10, 2020 · You keep bringing up the Kuuma's price...yes, it is more than the Drolet's, but compared to some of the large CAT stoves you are comparing too...I think it is a pretty good value...a lot more steel (stainless internally)/more firebrick/much larger blower, computer...top notch personal customer service...$5300 (current sale price...I think) for a VF100 is a better deal than $4000 for a large ... BOX 422 • TOWER, MN 55790 • USA • Tel (218) 753-2330 • www.lamppakuuma.com 3 INTRODUCTION Your Vapor-Fire Model 100 by Lamppa Manufactur- .

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